the work effort is applied at the “programming” level, and such 
effort is one of information and knowledge. In the decision-
making and “make happen” aspect of the work operation, the 
telephone and other such speed-ups of information have ended 
the divisions of delegated authority in favor of the “authority of 
knowledge.” It is as if a symphony composer, instead of 
sending his manuscript to the printer and thence to the 
conductor and to the individual members of the orchestra, were 
to compose directly on an electronic instrument that would 
render each note or theme as if on the appropriate instrument. 
This would end at once all the delegation and specialism of the 
symphony orchestra that makes it such a natural model of the 
mechanical and industrial age. The typewriter, with regard to 
the poet or novelist, comes very close to the promise of 
electronic music, insofar as it compresses or unifies the various 
jobs of poetic composition and publication.